Universe (LokakasHeight = 14 Rajju
Upper world = 7 Rajj
Middle world
Height =1800 Yojan
900 Yojan up and 900 yojan - down from surface
Width = 1 Rajju
Lower world = 7 Rajju
Loka Volume = 343 Cubic Rajju (Digambar)
Loka Volume = 239 Cubic Rajju (Swetambar)
THE UNIVERSE IN GENERAL
There is the general human-shaped occupied universe (or world) with a volume of 343Rajjus in the major central part of the infinite-times-infinitely extensive non-occupied universe or non-universe space as observed by the Venerable omniscients.
This universe - space ispervaded by the five realities (Dravyas) of
(1) the living (JÍva),
(2) mattergy (Pudgala),
(3) medium of motion (Dharma),
(4) medium of rest (Adharma) and
(5) time (KÂla).
7. Jambûdvîpa, Lavaòoda, and the rest are the continents and the oceans with auspicious names. Dvirdvi rviṣkambhā: Pūrva-pūrvaparikṣēpiṇō valayākr̥taya: |8|
(These) are of double the diameter of the preceding ones and circular in shape, each encircling the
immediately preceding one.
Tanmadhyē mērunābhirvr̥ ttō yōjana-śatasahasra-viṣkambhō jambūdvīpa:9.
In the middle of these oceans and continents is Jambûdvîpa, which is round and which is one
hundred thousands yojanas in diameter. Mount Meru is at the centre of this continent like the
navel in the body.
Bharata-haimavata-hari-vidēha-ramyaka-hairaṇyavatairāvatavarṣā: Kṣētrāṇi 10
Bharata, Haimavata, Hari, Videha, Ramyaka, Hairaòyavata, and Airâvata are the seven regions.
Tadvibhājina: Pūrvāparāyatā himavanmahāhimavanniṣadha-nīla-rukmi-śikhariṇō varṣadharaparvatā 11.
The mountain chains Himavan, Mahâhimavan, Niºadha, Nîla, Rukmi, and ªikhari, running east
to west, divide these regions.
Hēmārjuna-tapanīya-vaiḍūrya-rajata-hēmamayā:12.
They are of golden, white, like purified gold, blue, silvery, and golden in colour.
Maṇivicitrapāśrvā upari mūlē ca tulyavistārā:13.
The sides (of these mountains) are studded with various jewels, and the mountains are of equal
width at the foot, in the middle and at the top.
Padma-mahāpadma-tigin̄cha-kēsari-mahāpuṇḍarīka-puṇḍarīkā hradāstēṣāmupari14. .
Padma-mahāpadma-tigin̄cha-kēsari-mahāpuṇḍarīka-puṇḍarīkā hradāstēṣāmupari14.
பத்ம மஹாபத்ம திங்கிச கேசரி மஹாபுண்டரீக புண்டரீகா ஹ்ருதா தேஷாம் உபரி
(அந்த ஆறு மலைத்தொடர்களில்) பத்மம், மகாபத்மம், திகிஞ்ஜம் , கேசரி மஹாபுண்டரீகம், புண்டரீகம் என்றும் ஆறு பொய்கைகள் இருக்கின்றன.
Prathamō yōjana-sahasrāyāmastadard'dhaviṣkambhō hrada: |15.
பிரதமோ யோஜந ஸகஸ்ர ஆயாம Daśa-yōjanāvagāha:ததர்த விஷ்கம்போ ஹ்ருத:
முதலாவதாகிய பத்மம் என்னும் பொய்கை ஆயிரம் யோஜனை நீளத்தையும் அந்நீளத்தின் பாதி ஆகிய 500 யோஜனை அகலமும் உடையது
Daśa-yōjanāvagāha:16.
தஸ யோஜந அவகாஹ
அதனின் ஆழம் 10 யோசனைகள் ஆகும்.
Tanmadhyē yōjanaṁ puṣkaram17.
தந்மத்யே யோஜநம் புஷ்கரம்
இதன் நடுவில் ஒரு யோஜனை அகலமுள்ள தாமரை(Lotuas) இருக்கிறது.
Taddviguṇa-dviguṇā hradā: Puṣkarāṇi ca18.
தத் த்விகுண த்விகுணா ஹ்ருதா புஷ்கராணி ச
மஹாபத்மம், திகிஞ்ஜம் ஆகிய இரண்டு பொய்கைகைகளும் தாமரைகளும் பத்ம பொய்கையின் நீள அகலத்திலும் ஆழத்திலும் தாமரையிணை காட்டிலும் இரு மடங்குகளாக இருக்கின்றன
Tatrivāsin'yō dēvya: Śrī-hrīṁ-dhr̥ti-kīrti-bud'dhi-lakṣmya: Palyōpamasthitaya: Sasāmānikapariṣatkā19.
தந்நிவாஸிந்யோ தேவ்ய ச்ரீ ஹ்ரீ த்ருதி கீர்த்தி புத்தி லக்ஷ்ம்ய பல்யோ பம ஸ்திதய ஸஸாமாநிக பரிஷத்கா:அந்த தாமரைகளில் ஒரு பல்யம் ஆ == ள் உடைய சாமானியகம் மற்றும் பரிஷத் தேவரோடு கூடிய ஸ்ரீ, ஹரி, த்ருத்தி, கீர்த்தி, புத்தி, லட்சுமி என்னும் ஆறு தேவியர்கள் வாழ்கின்றனர்
Davydova: Pūrvā: Pūrvagā:21.த்வயோ த்வயோ பூர்வா பூர்வகா::
இரண்டிரண்டு நதிகளில் முதலாவதாக கூறப்பட்ட கங்கா, ரோகித், ஹரிதா, ஸீதா, நாரி ஸ்வர்னகூலா, ரத்தா என்னும் நதிகள் ஏழும் கிழக்கு சமுத்திரத்தை நோக்கி செல்கின்றன
Śēṣāstvaparagā:22.சேஷா து அபரகா:
எஞ்சிய (அந்த ஏழு இரண்டு இரண்டு நதிகளில்) ஒவ்வோர் ஜோடி நதிகளும் இரண்டாவதாக கூறப்பட்ட சிந்து, ரோஹிதியாஸ்யா, ஹரிகந்தா , ஸீதோதா , நரகாந்தா , , ரூப்யகூலா , ரக்தோதா என்னும் நதிகள் 7 மேற்கு சமுத்திரத்தை நோக்கி செல்கின்றன
Caturdaśa-nadī- sahasra-parivr̥tā gaṅgā-sindhvādayō nadya23.சதுர்தச நதீ ஸஹஸ்ர பரிவ்ருதா கங்கா சிந்து ஆதய நத்ய:
கங்கா சிந்து முதலான இணை ஜோடி நதிகள் ஒவ்வொன்றும் 14000 துணை நதிகளோடு கூடி இருக்கின்றன
Bharata: Ṣaḍviṁśa-pan̄ca-yōjana-śata-vistāra: Ṣaṭ caikōnavinśati-bhāgā yōjanasya24.பரத ஷட்விம்சதி பஞ்ச யோஜனாசத விஸ்தரா ஷட் ச ஏகோனவிம்சதி பாகா யோஜநஸ்ய
பரதஷேத்திரம் 526 யோசனைகளும் ஒரு யோசனையின் 19 பாகங்களில் 6 பாகமும் விஸ்தீரணத்தை உடையதாகும் (526 6/.19 யோசனை)
Tad dviguṇa-dviguṇa-vistārā varṣadhara-varṣā vidēhāntā:25.தத்த்விகுண த்விகுண விஸ்தாரா வர்ஷதர வர்ஷா விதேஹாந்தா:
விதேக சேத்திரம் வரை மலை
Uttarā dakṣiṇa-tulyā: |26.உத்தாரத் தக்சிண துல்யா
ஷேத்திரங்கள் மலைகளின் பரப்பு தெற்கில் உள்ளவற்றிற்கு சமம்
Bharatairāvatayōrvad'dhihrasau ṣaṭsamayābhyāmutsarpiṇyavasarpiṇībhy27.பரத ஐராவதயோ வ்ருத்தி ஹ்ராஸௌ ஷட் ஸமயாப்யாம் உத்ஸர்பிணி அவஸர்ப்பிணீப்யாம்
ஜம்பூ தீபத்தின் தெற்கு வடகோடியில் உள்ள பரத ஐராவத ஷேத்திரங்களில் உத்ஸர்பிணி அவஸர்ப்பிணீ( இறங்கு காலம்) ஆகிய இரு யுகங்கள் ஒவ்வொன்றும் ஆறுகால பிரிவுகளை உடையவை இக்காலங்களில் மனிதருடைய ஆயில் உயரம் ஞானம் முதலியவை ஏற்றமும் தாழ்வும் உடையவையாக இருக்கின்றன
Tābhyāmaparā bhūmayōavasthitā: |28.தாப்யாம் அபரா பூமய – அவஸ்திதா:
(பரதம் ஐராவதம் என்னும்) அந்த இரண்டு ஷேத்த்திரங்கள் தவிர ஏனைய (ஹமவதம் , ஹரி, விதேகம் , ரம்யகம், ஐ==வதம் என்னும் 5 சேத்திரங்கள் ஏற்றமும் இறக்கமும் இன்றி நிலையாய் இருக்கின்றன
Ēka-dvi-tri-palyōpama-sthitayō haimavataka-hārivarṣaka-daivakuravakā:29.ஏக த்வி த்ரி பல்யோபம ஸ்திதய ஹமவதக ஹரிஸ்வர்ஷக த்வ குரவகா
ஹமவத ஹரி ஷேத்த்திரங்கள் == தேவகுரு என்னும் பூமியிலும் பிறந்த மனிதர் விலங்குகள் முறையே 1 2 3 பல் யோபமம் ஆயுளை உடையவர்கள் ஆவார்கள்
Tathōttarā:30.ததோத்தரா
தெற்கு திசை போக பூமிகள் போல வடக்கு திசை போக பூமிகளும் இருக்கின்றன
Vidēhēṣu saṅkhyēyakālā:31. விதேஹேஷு ஸங்க்யோய காலா
விதேக சேத்திரத்தில் உள்ளவர்களின் ஆயுள் ஸங்க்யோய வருஷங்கள் ஆகும்
Bharatasya viṣkambhō jambūdvīpasya navatiśatabhāg32.பரதஸ்ய விஷ்கம்போ ஜம்புத்விபஸ்ய நவதி ஸதபாக:
பரதஷேத்த்தினுடைய பரப்பளவு ஜம்புதீப அகலத்தில் 190 ஒரு பாகமாகும் 1 / 190
Dvirdhātakīkhaṇḍē33.தவிர் தாதகி கண்டோ
தாதகி கண்டத்தில் அவை இருமடங்காக இருக்கின்றன
Puṣkarārd'dhē ca |34.புஷ்கரார்த் தேச
மேலும் புஷ்கரவர த்-=பத்து பாதி பாகத்தில் கூட (சேத்திரம் மலை முதலிய எல்லா அமைப்பும் ஜம்பூ தீபத்தை காட்டிலும் இரு மடங்குகளாய் இருக்கின்றன
Prāgmānuṣōttarānmanuṣyā:35.ப்ராங் மானுஷோத்தரான் மன்ஷ்யா
மானுஷோத்தர சூத்திர
Āryā mlēcchāśca36.ஆர்யா ம்லேச்சாச் ச
ஆர்யர் (civilized people) மற்றும் மிலேச்சர் (barbarians) என மனிதர்களில் இரண்டு வகை -=னர் உள்ளனர்
Bharatairāvata-vidēhā: Karmabhūmayōan'yatra dēvakurūttarakurubhya37
.பரத ஐராவத விதேஹ கர்மபூமய அன்யத்ர தேவகுரு உத்திரகுருப்ய :
விதேககத்தில் இருக்கின்ற தேவகுரு உத்தர குரு ஆகிய ஷேத்திரங்களை தவிர மற்ற ஷேத்திரங்கள் மற்றும் பரத ஐராவத விதேக ஷேத்திரங்கள் ஆகிய இவைகள் எல்லாம் கரும பூமிகளாகும்
Nr̥sthitī parāvarē tripalyōpamāntarmuhūrtē |38
ஸுஸ்திதீ பராபரே த்ரிபல்யோபமாந்தர் முஹூர்தே
மனிதர்களுடைய உயர்ந்த ஆயுளும் குறைந்து ஆயுளும் முறையே மூன்று பல்யோகமும் மற்றும் ஒரு அந்தர் முகூர்த்தமும் ஆகும்
Tiryagyōnijānāṁ ca39.
திரியக் யோனி ஜானாம் ச
மேலும் விலங்குகளின் உயர்ந்த அளவு ஆயுள் 3 பல் யோகங்களும் குறைந்த ஆயுள் ஒரு அந்தர் முகூர்த்தமும் ஆகும்.
It is beginningless and infinite. This universe has three parts :
(1) Lower universe (Adholoka),
(ii) Middle universe (Madhyaloka) and
(3) Upper universe (órdhvaloka).
The total height ofthe universe is 14 Rajjus (a larger unit of length). Its thickness is seven Rajjus on all sides.
The Height of the Universe
One Rajju length consists of innumerable Yojanas. In the fourteen Rajju - high universe, the
lower universe has a height of seven Rajjus, and the upper universe has a height of seven Rajjus. In between the two parts, there is the middle universe having a height of 99, 040 Yojanas.
This height is a very small portion of the upper universe which is neglible in comparison to the Rajju unit.
The Width of the Universe
The width of the universe is seven Rajjus in its base (of the lower portion).
It is one Rajjuin the central or middle universe with gradual decrement from its base.
Later, the width gradually
increases up to five Rajjus up to the fifth heaven from the middle universe and, then, it decreases
to one Rajju at the tip of the universe.
Trasa-nÂlÍ (The Mobile Channel)
There is a trasa-n ÂlÍ in the center of the three portions of the universe which is one Rajju
wide, one Rajju thick and a little lees than 13 Rajju high. The mobile class of living beings
(Trasas) are found only in this channel.
The Volume of the Universe
It has been stated that this universe is seven Rajju wide at the base, one Rajju wide at the
center, five Rajju wide at the fifth heaven and one Rajju wide at the apex.
On adding the width
of all these four parts, we get (7+1+5+1 = 14) fourteen Rajjus. Dividing this 14 by 4, we get
14/4 = 3.50 Rajjus. On multiplication of this number with the thickness of the south-north of
the universe, we get, 3.50 x 7.0 = 24.50. Again on multiplication of this product of width and
Jaina BharatÍ (99)
thickness of the universe with the height of the universe of 14 Rajjus, we get, 24.50 x 14.0 =
343 cubic Rajjus. Thus, the volume of the universe is 343 cubic Rajjus.
This anuyoga consists of the following texts which contain geography, mathematics, astronomy, astrology, and like literature.
ACHRYA VEERASENA KASHAYA PAKUDAM URAI ஆசாரியார் வீரசேன 900 ADSHATKANDA AGAM 72000 SEYUL URAI ஷட்கண்டாகம உரை
Surya-prajnapti (3 Desc. Universe)Chandra-prajnapti (3 Desc.Universe )
Jaya-dhaval-tika (3 Description of the Universe)கஷாய பாகுடம் ஜெயதவளம் உரை
http://www.jaingranths.com/Manuscript.asp?id=5&i=1
Yojan
1 Danda or Bow
2000 Danda or Bow
4 Kosha
= 6 feet
= 1 Kosha
= 1 Yojan (@ 9.0 miles)
another book gives different measurement
1 Dhanu
= 6 feet
4000 Dhanu
1000 Yojans
Rajlok or Rajju
= 1 Yojan (@4.5 miles)
= 1 Mahayojan
A deva flies in six months at a rate of 2,057,152 Yojan in one
samay (Samay = unit of time = @1/4 second) or
The distance traveled in six months by a ball of iron
weighing 1,000 bhar (1000 tolas or 25 lb.) let fall freely from
Indralok (heaven).
= @1.15 x 10E21 mile
We’re looking at about 13 billion years.
The age of the universe is approximately 13.7 billion years. So, this is 99% of the age of the universe. To give you a closer sense of this, the sun emerged about four billion years ago — so, the sun is a youngster compared to the universe.
Courtsy and thanks to Times of India ‘The James Webb Space Telescope takes us to the universe’s origins 13 billion years ago’ - Times of Indiahttps://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-james-webb-space-telescope-takes-us-to-the-universes-origins-13-billion-yearsago/articleshowprint/93219990.cms 5/7 You work on the structure of galaxies — does the James Webb help understand this better? Yes.
We live on Earth in the solar system— thecentre of this is the sun, which is one of something like 100 billion stars in our galaxy called the Milky Way, which is just the local collection of stars. What my colleagues and I research is how that arrangement of stars and other stuff like hydrogen gas and dark matter came to be. Until now, we had no way of studying the thredimensional structure of our galaxy — we’d see this band of white light across a dark sky. That is tens of billions of these stars all shining together and you are inside the disk-shaped galaxy— this is the plane of the Milky Way we normally see from Earth. But we see only pieces of this, with astronomers trying to figure out its entirety. This involves questions like how far other stars are from us. So far, we’ve been using data science and observations from the Gaia telescope and our research group has made significant discoveries like the Radcliffe Wave and the Local Bubbl— one of my colleagues found that all regions forming new stars, with gas clouds collapsing over millions of years to form these, are on the surface of this gigantic bubble around the sun. With James Webb’s technology, we can now measure these in three dimensions.When the solar system settled into its current layout about 4.5 billion years ago, Earth formed when gravity pulled swirling gas and dust in to become the third planet from the Sun.
சூரியன் - ஞாயிறு,கதிரவன் (Sun - (Sunday)
சந்திரன் – திங்கள் (Moon - (Monday)
செவ்வாய் - நிலமகன், செவ்வாய் (Mars- (Tuesday)
புதன் - கணக்கன்,புலவன்,அறிவன் (Mercury- (Wednesday)
குரு) - சீலன், பொன்னன்,வியாழன் (Jupiter - (Thursday)சுக்கிரன்) - சுங்கன், கங்கன்,வெள்ளி (Venus - (Friday)
சனி) - காரி, முதுமகன் (Saturn - (Saturday)
ராகு (Raghu) - கருநாகன்
கேது (Kethu) –செந்நாகன்
The name "Pangaea" is derived from Ancient Greek pan (πᾶν, "all, entire, whole") and
Gaia or Gaea(Γαῖα, "Mother Earth, land").
The concept that the continents once formed a contiguous land mass was hypothesised, with corroborating evidence,
by Alfred Wegener, the originator of the scientific theory of continental drift, in his 1912 publication
The Origin of Continents (Die Entstehung derKontinente).
[10] He expanded upon his hypothesis in his 1915 book The Origin of Continents and Oceans (Die Entstehung der Kontinente und Ozeane), in which he postulated that, before breaking up and drifting to their present locations, all the continents had formed a single super continent that he called the "Urkontinent".The name "Pangaea" occurs in the 1920 edition of Die Entstehungder Kontinenteund Ozeane, but only once, when Wegener refers to the ancient supercontinent as "the Pangaea of the Carboniferous".
[11] Wegener used the Germanized form "Pangäa," but the name entered German and English scientific literature (in 1922.
[12] and 1926, respectively) in the Latinized form "Pangaea" (of the Greek "Pangaia"), especially due to a symposium of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists in November 1926.
[13] Wegener originally proposed that the breakup of Pangaea was due to centripetal forces from the
Earth's rotation acting on the high continents. However, this mechanism was easily shown to be physically implausible, which delayed acceptance of the Pangaea hypothesis.
[14] Arthur Holmes proposed the more plausible mechanism of mantle convection,
Bharat_kshetra - Located in the Southern part of Jambudvip
Vaitadhya mountain runs from East to West in the middle (width 50 yojan)
This divides Bharat_kshetra into two halves (North and South)
Two rivers (Ganga and Sindhu) run from North to South.
They divide each North and South sections into three continents
Mountain has two tunnels connecting North and South section
Chakravarti king rules all six continents (only he can pass through the tunnel)
Vasudev king rules three continents of North or South side
Southern middle continent is known as Arya_kshetra
Remaining five continents are known as Anarya_kshetra (Malechchha)
Tirthankar is born only in Arya_kshetra
Manushya_Lok (World of Humans)
Human beings reside only in Two and Half continents
Jambudvip, Dhataki_khanda, and Half of Puskara_dvip
Dhataki_khanda is twice as large as Jambudvip.
It has twice the number of mountains, rivers and major zones of Jambudvip.
Puskara_dvip is twice as large as Dhataki_khanda. Hence half of Puskar dvip has
same size as Dhataki_khanda. It has also twice the number of mountains, rivers,
and major zones of Jambu_dvip.
The Three Lokas
2. Madhyaloka
3. Jambýdvîpa
4. Dimensions of Mountains in Jambýdvî
5. Bharata K¼etra ¼
6. Manu¼ya Loka
7. Åryakha¿
8. Lava¿a Samudra
9. Nandî¹vara Dvîpa
10. Length of a Yojana
11. Barah-Bhavna 61
MADHYALOKA (THE MIDDLE UNIVERSE)
The middle universe is 1 Rajju wide and 1 lac 40 Yojanas high. It has a shape like a bangle
(circular). The middle universe consists of innumerable island - continents (DvÍpas) and oceans. In the center of this middle universe, there is the Jambö-dvÍpa which has a diameter of 1 lac Yojanas or 40 crores of miles (1 Y = 4000 miles). The Jambö-dvÍpa is surrounded by the Lavaàa Ocean (having salty water) with a diameter of 2 lac Yojanas. This ocean is surrounded by DhÂtakÍ-Khanda islandcontinent having a diameter of 4 lac Yojanas. This is surrounded by the KÂlodadhi ocean with a diameter of 8 lac Yojanas. This is surrounded by Puîkara island - continent of 16 Y diameter.
Following this, there is a series of oceans and island - continents surrounding each other having
double the diameter from the preceeding ones. The name of the last island - continent and ocean is Svyambörmaàa DvÍpa and Svayambhöramana ocean. Please see Fig.3 for the Middle Universe.
JambödvÍpa There is Sumeru (or Meru) mountain in the centre of JambödvÍpa which is 1 lac Yojana high and ten thousand Yojanas wide. There are seven regions (Kîetras) and six principal and permanent mountains (KulÂchalas) in it. The names of these six mountains are: (1) HimavÂn, (2) MahÂhimavÂn, (3) Niîadha, (4) NÍla, (5) RukmÍ and (6) êikharÍ. The names of the seven regions are :
(1) Bharata, (2) Haimavata, (3) Hari, (4) Videha, (5) Ramyaka, (6) Hairaàyavata and (7) AirÂvata.
The Size of the Regions and Mountains
The size of Bharata region is 1/190th part of JambödvÍpa or it is 100000/190 = 526 6/19
Yojanas (or 21,05,263 3/19 miles). The size of HimavÂna mountain is twice that of the Bharata
region. Similar is the case until the Videha region and later the size of regions and mountains
goes on halving which can be seen in the map. For details, please see Table-11, in the end of the
book. The JambödvÍpa is shown in Fig. 4.
The Mountain of VijayÂrdha
There is the VijayÂrdha mountain in the center of Bharata region. It is 50 Yojanas (2 lac miles)
wide and 25 Yojanas (1 lac miles) high. Its length touches the Lavaàa ocean on both the sides. On
both the northern and southern sides above this mountain, there are cities of VidyÂdharas (proficient in superpowers by birth) 10 Yojanas above the surface and 10 Yojanas within the surface on planar grounds. There are fifty cities in the south and sixty cities in the north. There are mansions of Àbhiyogya devas (conveyance provider or attendant deities), ten Yojanas above these cities and ten Yojanas within them. There are nine peaks (Kötas) on plane surface five Yojanas above these mansions.
One of the peaks is called ‘SiddhÂyatana’ where there is a Jina temple. The rest of the peaks contain
mansions of the deities. This VijayÂrdha mountain is silvery. A similar VijayÂrdha mountain is also
there in the AirÂvata region which also has the same dimensions and details.
The HimavÂn Mountain
The HimavÂn mountain has a width of 1052 12/19 Y (4,21,05,26 6/19 miles). It is 100
Yojanas high.There is a lotus-pond named “Padma” on this mountain which is 1000 Y in
length, 500 Y in width and ten Yojanas deep. The mountains beyond this have lotus-ponds
named MahÂpadma, Tigincha, Keíari, PundarÍka and MahÂpundarÍka on them.
Lotus Flower (Kamala)
In the centre of the Padma lotus-pond, there is a lotus flower (Fig. 5 later) with a diameter
of one Yojana. It is composed of earth-bodied gems. The female deity “êrÍdevÍ” resides in the
palace constructed on the pericarp of this lotus. There are 140115 lotuses more in this pond
where the family members of êrÍdevÍ reside. Similarly, there are lotuses in other ponds on
other mountains where the female deities named ‘HrÍ’, Dhçti’, ‘KÍrti’, ‘Buddhi’ and ‘LaxmÍ’
reside alongwith their family deities. (For details, please see Table - 8 in the end of the book).
The Gang etc. Rivers
The above six lotus-ponds are the origins of the 14 rivers, two of which flow in each of
the regions. The rivers Gang and Sindhu flow in Bharata region. The rivers Rohita and RohitÂsy flow in the Haimavata region and so on. The two lotus-ponds - Padma and MahÂpundarÍka are the origins of three rivers each and the other four middle ponds are the origins of two rivers each.
The River GangÂ
The river Gang originates from the eastern arched gate (toraàa) of the Padma pond and
moves 500 Y towards the east, takes a curve towards south at a distance of two Kroías from
GangÂköta and falls in the Bharata region by entering the Jihvik channel. It falls at a distance
of 25 Y from the mountain.
Gang Kunda (Ganga - pool)
There is a 60 Y wide and 10 Y deep Gang pool at a point where the river Gang falls. There
is a 10 Y high admantine mountain in this pool. There is the palace of the female deity Gang on
the peak of this mountain. On the terrace of this palace, there is a natural Jina image seated onotus-seat. This image is graced with matted and braided hairs (JatÂjöta). The waving waterstream of the river Gang falls on the Jina image looking as if it is anointing the Jina herself. This water-stream widens upto eight Yojanas and enters the cave of VijayÂradha mountain with its curved path after coming out of the southern arched gate of this pool. This river meets with fourteen thousand of its tributaries while moving towards the east and, then, finally falls into the Lavaàa ocean. The fourteen thousand tributaries do not flow in the Àryan section of Bharata region. They flow through the Mleccha sections only. The Sindhu river has also similar description as the GangÂ. However, this river flows in the Bharata region while coming out of the western arched gate of Padma pond. The width etc. of other rivers upto SÍt river beyond these rivers goes on increasing two-fold and later goes on reducing by half.
Six Khandas (Sections) The VijayÂrdha mountain and river-pairs in the Bharata and AirÂvata regions divide them into six sections each. The central section by the side of the ocean is Àryan section while other sections are Mleccha sections.
The Sumeru Mountain
The Sumeru mountain is situated in the centre of Videha region. It is one lac forty Yojanas
high. It has a foundation of 1000 Y. It has a width of 10000 Y on the ground surface. The BhadraíÂla forest is situated on the surface above the foundation where four Jina temples are situated one in each of the four directions. On moving 500 Y above the surface, there is Nandana forest. It is in the form of a KatanÍ (platform) which is 500 Y (20 lac miles) wide. It also has four Jina temples one in each of the four directions. There is Saumanasa forest 62500 Y above Nandana forest. It is also in the form of a KatanÍ which is 500 Y wide. It also has four Jina temples one in each of the four directions.
There is PÂnduka forest 36000 Y above the Saumanasa forest. It is also in the form of the KatanÍ
which is 494 Y wide. It has also four Jina temples one in each of the four directions.
In the centre of PÂnduka forest, there is 12 Y wide and 40 Y high summit (CölikÂ) on it.
The width of the Meru mountain thus goes on decreasing gradually and it has a width of only 4
Yojanas at the tip of the summit.
Colour of Sumeru Mountain
The Sumeru mountain is composed of diamonds upto 1000 Y at its foundation . It is
composed of variegated gems upto 61000 Y from the surface followed by gold upto 38000 Y
above it. The summit is composed of Saphire (NÍlamaài) gems.
1,2,3,4,6 Mlechchha sections
5 Àrya Section
7,8,9,10 Kumanuîa DvÍpas
11 Prabhasa-DvÍpa
12 Karatanu DvÍpa
13 MÂgadha DvÍpa
14 Ganga River
15 Sindhu River
16 Ganga Pool
17 Sindhu Pool
At the very middle of alokåkå¹a, there exists human-like lokåkå¹a having a dimension of 343 rajjus and being contaminated with five types of fluids like Jîva, Pudgala, Dharma, Adharma and
Kåla. Beginningless and endless, it was generated by itself. It is
divided into three parts as mentioned below :
1. Adholoka -its base is similar to vetråsana (wedge).
2. Madhyaloka -it appears like the upper portion of a
standing mâda½ga (trumpet).
3. Ýrdhvaloka —it appears like a standing mâda½ga.
The complete loka has a height of 14 rajjus and a thickness
of 7 rajjus throughout. Adholoka and Ýrdhvaloka have a height
of 7 rajjus each (with 7 rajjus as hell and 7 rajjus as heaven) and in
between them lies the Madhyaloka having a height of 100040
yojanas, the height of Sumeru ¼lqes:½ stretched over Madhyaloka.
The breadth at the base of hell is 7 rajjus and it reduced to 1 rajju in
Madhyaloka and again increases to 5 rajjus in fifth heaven and again
decreases to 1 rajju in Siddha¹ilå ¼fl)f'kyk½.
Passing through the middle of three lokas, there exists a
Trasanålî ¼=l ukyh½ (tube) having a length and breadth 1 rajju each
and height a little less than 13 rajjus. It contains Trasajîvas ¼=ltho½.
The detailed description of variation of breadth from base of
Adholoka to the top of Siddha¹ilå is given as under:
A. From Adholoka to Madhyaloka Place Breadth (Rajjus)
Base of Adholoka 7
Near the 7th earth (Mahåtama³ prabhå) 617
Near the 6th earth (Tama³ prabhå) 5
Near the 5th earth (Dhýma prabhå) 4
Near the 4th earth (Pa½ka prabhå) 3
Near the 3th earth (Bålukå prabhå) 2
Near the 2th earth (©arkarå prabhå) 1
Near the 1st earth (Ratna prabhå) 1
B. Breadth of Madhyaloka is 1 rajju throughout.
C. Breadth of Loka in Ýrdhvaloka (From first heaven to Siddha¹ilå)
Place Breadth (Rajjus)
In Madhyaloka 1
At the end of Saudharma ¼lkS/keZ½, ιana ¼bZ'kku½ heaven 2
At the end of Sånatkumåra ¼lkuRdqekj½, 4
Mahendra ¼ekgsUnz½ heaven
At the end of Brahma ¼czg~e½, 5
Brahmottara ¼czg~eksRRkj½ heaven
At the end of Låntava ¼ykUro½, Kåpi¼²ha ¼dkfi"B½ heaven 4
At the end of ©ukra ¼'kqؽ, Mahå¹ukra ¼egk'kqؽ heaven 3
At the end of Satåra ¼lrkj½, Sahasråra ¼lglzkj½ heaven 3
At the end of Ånata ¼vkur½, Prånata ¼izkur½ heaven 2
At the end of Åra¿a ¼vkj.k½, Acyuta ¼vP;qr½ heaven 2
DESCRIPTION OF VÅTAVALAYAS ¼okroy;½
(BELTS OF WIND)
There are three stable belts of wind (unlike the unstable wind in
general) in outward order round the lokåkå¹a ¼yksdkdk'k½, viz.
Ghanodadhivåtavalaya ¼?kuksnf/kokroy;½, Ghanavåtavalya ¼?kuokroy;½
and Tanuvåtavalaya ¼ruqokroy;½ having the colour of cow-urine, the
colour of cubical coral ¼ewaxk½ and multi-colours respectively. There
exists Alokåkå¹a ¼vyksdkdk'k½ ahead of Tanuvåtavalaya ¼ruqokroy;½.
The thickness of these våtavalayas are 20000 yojanas each from
the base of 8 earths upto the height of 1 rajju. In the 7th hell adjacent
to the earth their heights are 7, 5 and 4 yojanas, respectively and
decrease to 5, 4, and 3 yojanas in the region adjacent to Brahma
heaven and again decrease to 5, 4 and 3 yojanas at the end of
Ýrdhvaloka, respectively. At the top of loka the thicknesses of these
våtavalayas are 2 ko¹as, 1 ko¹a and 1 ko¹a less by 425 dhanu¼as ¼/
kuq"k½ respectively.
VOLUME OF LOKA
The breadth of loka is 7 rajjus at the base, 1 rajju at its middle
portion, 5 rajjus in 5th heaven and 1 rajju at the top. Thus, the total
breadths add up to 14 (7 + 1 + 5 + 1) which when divided by 4 gives
3 1/2 which when multiplied by 7, the south-northern thickness of
loka, gives 24
as the product. Now when 24
is multiplied by 14
rajjus, the product is 343 ghana rajjus as the volume of loka.
Madhyaloka comprises of one Rajju as length breadth and one
Lakh yojanas height. The number of Dvîpas (islands) and oceans in
it equals the number of hair in twenty-five kodåkodi ¼dksM+kdksM+h½
uddhåra Palyas, i.e. the number is uncountable in simple words. Islands
and oceans form alternate rings with Jambýdvîpa (the island
of Jambý), the only disc of land mass, at the centre. The islands are
stretched over Citråbhými ¼fp=kHkwfe½ which is one thousand yojanas
higher than Vajråbhými ¼otzHkwfe½ embraced by all the oceans. The
alternate positions of islands and oceans in their proper order are given as under :
Jyotishka Devas
Distance from Earth surface
Stars (Tara) = 790 yojans
Sun (Surya) = 800 yojans
Moon (Chandra) = 880 yojans
Constellation (Nakshatra) = 884 yojans
Planets (Graha)
Mercury (Budha) = 888 yojans
Vinous (Shukra) = 891 yojans
Jupiter (Guru or Brahaspati) = 894 yojans
Marsh (Mangal) = 897 yojans
Saturn (Shani) = 900 yojans
Remaining planets = 888 to 900 yojans
There is 7 Rajju high upper universe above the middle universe. Infact, the negligible
height (1 lac 40 yojans) of middle universe has been derived from the upper universe only.
There are 16 heavens (in 8 pairs), 9 Graiveyakas, 9 Anudiías and 5 Anuttara abodes or vimÂnas
in the upper universe with Siddha êil at the top.
Deities of Heavens or Graded Empyreans (KalpvÂsÍ Devas)
Names of Sixteen Heavens
There are sixteen heavens (Kaplas, graded empyreans' abodes) named as below :
(1) Saudharma
(2) ËíÂna
(3) SanatkumÂra
(4) MÂhendra
(5) Brahma
(6) Brahmottara
(7) LÂntava
(8) KÂpiîtha
(9) êukra
(10) MahÂíukra
(11) êatÂra
(12) SahasrÂra
(13) ÀnÂta
(14) PrÂàata
(15) Àraàa
(16) Acyuta
ADHOLOKA (THE LOWER UNIVERSE)
In the lower universe, there is the first Ratna-prabh (gem-shine) earth connected with
the middle universe. The second earth (hell), êarkarÂ-Prabh (sugar-shine) is there a little
less than one Rajju below the first one. Similarly, the other five earths (hells) - BÂluk -
prabh (Sand-shine), Panka-prabh (Muddy shine), Dhöma-prabh (Smoky shine) TamahprabhÂ
(dark-shine) and MahÂ-tamah-prabh (Deep dark-shine) are situated below one another
at the same distance (a little less than a Rajju each). These seven hells are situated in a height
of six Rajjus and the Nigodas (originating place of the lowest one-sensed beings) are located
in the last seventh Rajju.
Other Names of the Hells
Besides these names, the hells have their eternal (also conventional) names also as below:
(i) Ghamm (ii) Vaní (iii) MeghÂ
(iv) Anjan (iv) Ariît (v) MaghavÍ
(vi) MÂghavÍ
Three Sections of the Ratna-Prabh Earth
There are three sections of the Ratna-prabh earth : (1) Khara, (2) Panka and (3) Abbahula
section. The Bhavana-vÂsÍ (mansional) and Vyantara (peripatetic) deities reside in the
Khara and Panka sections. In contrast, there are Bilas (abodes) for the infernal beings (NÂrakÍs)
of the first hell in the third section.
Number of Infernal Bilas (Abodes) in the Hells
The number of total abodes in all the seven hells is 84 lacs, which are distributed as below:
(1) First Hell 30 lacs
(2) Second Hell 25 lacs
(3) Third Hell 15 lacs
(4) Fourth Hell 10 lacs
(5) Fifth Hell 3 lacs
(6) Sixth Hell 1 lac less by 5
(7) Seventh Hell 5 only
--------
84 lacs
Lower World
7 infernal regions
1st region = 1 Rajju wide, 7th region = 7 Rajju wide
Burning heat, intense cold, nauseous smells,
unquenchable thirst, insatiable hunger, ill
treatment from Asuras, unavoidable torture from
each other
Bhavanvasi devas reside in 1st infernal region
Naga_kumar, Asur_kumar, Padmavati
Each infernal region is made up of
Clay, Ice (solid water), Solid air (ghan vayu), Thin air
(tan vayu), Space (akas)
The Value of Palya, P
Calculate the volume of a round pit of 1 Yojana (~ 8 miles) diameter and 1 Y deep:
The volume 1 Y circular area = πr2 h r : Area of circle = πr2 = π d2 / 4
Circumference = 2πr = πd = √10 = 19/6
Area = πr2 = π (d2/4) = (19/6) x 1/4
Volume = π (d2/4) h = (19/6) x (1/4) x 1 = 19/24
Let there be three such pits. Now, densely fill the first circular pit (Palya) with the indivisible
soft hair fronts prepared by cutting crores of soft hair-fronts of 1-7 day - born ram of maximal
enjoyment land. The number of these soft hair-fronts has been calculated to be equal to
41,34,52,63,03,08,20,31,77,74,95,12,192 x 1018.
