Tamil Nadu Jain Temple's: Lord Rishabha (Adinath- Kala Tirthankar-24 Mahaveer)

24தீர்த்தங்‌கரர்களின்‌பெயர்‌:1.விருஷப நாதர்‌ 2.அஜிதநாதர்‌3.சம்பவநாதர்‌ 4அபிநந்தனர்‌.5சுமதிநாதர்‌6.பத்மநாதர்.7சுபார்சவநாதர்‌, 8,சந்திரப்‌பிரபர்‌,9புஷ்பதந்தர்‌10.சீதளநாதர்‌11.சிரீயாம்சநாதர்‌. 12.வாசுபூஜ்யர்‌.13.விமலநாதர்‌ 14, அநந்தநாதர்15, தருமநாதர்‌, 16. சாந்தி நாதர்‌, 17. குந்துநாதர்‌,18, அரநாதர்‌, 19. மல்லிநாதர்‌,20. முனிசுவர்த்தர்‌, 21.நமிநாதர், 22.நேமிநாதர்‌23.பார்சுவநாதர்‌, 24, வர்த்தமான மகாவீரர்‌.

Twenty-four Tirthankaras Bowingst Sripuranam-pdf of the twenty-four Tirthankaras who were born in Bharata region of Jambu Dvipa.

1. Virishabhanatha (Adinatha).2. Ajitanatha 3. Sambhavanatha(4) Abhinandananatha (5) Sumatinatha (6) Padmaprabhanatha(7) Suparvanatha (8) Candraprabhanatha (9) Puîpandantanatha(10) êÍtalanÂtha (11) Sêreyansanatha (12) Vasupöjyanatha(13) VimalanÂtha (14) Anantanatha (15) Dharmanatha(16) santinatha (17) Kunthönatha (18) Ara/arahanatha(19) Mallinatha (20) Munisuvratanatha (21) Naminatha(22) Neminatha (23) Parívanatha (24) Vardhamana They chop off the tree of the world of the liberatable beings(Bhavyas)by the axe of their knowledge

Twelve Cakravartis (Universal Monarchs or Emperors)In Bharata region the following twelve universal monarchs have been born who were the victors of the six-sections of this earth (Bharata Kshetra) and whose glory pervaded in the whole universe :

(1) Bharata (2) Sagara (3) Maghava(4) Sanatkumara (5) Santi (6) Kunthu(7) Ara (8) Subhauma (9) Padma(10) Hariseàa (11) Jayasena (12) Brahmadatta

Nine Narayaaas:There have been nine Narayaaas in Bharata region. They are said to be the Viîàus. They are as below :

(1) Tripçîtha (2) Dvi-pçîtha (3) Svayambhö(4) Puruîottama (5) Purusa-simha (6) PundarÍka(7) Datta (8) Narayaàa (Laxmaàa) (9) SrÍ Krishna

Nine Prati-NarayaàasThere have been nine Prati-narayaàs in the Bharata region. They are as below :

(1) AívagrÍva (2) Taraka (3) Meraka(4) Madhu-kaitabha (5) Nisumbha (6) Bali(7) Praharana (8) RÂvana (9) JarÂsandha

All the above are known as 63 great personages.

16சாந்திநாதர்‌,குந்துநாதர்‌18அரநாதர்‌,

சூரியன் - ஞாயிறு,கதிரவன்(Sun - (Sunday) Tirthankar 6. Padmabrabar Manoveki

சந்திரன் – திங்கள் (Moon - (Monday) 8. Chanraprabhar Juwalamalini yashi

செவ்வாய் - நிலமகன், செவ்வாய் (Mars- (Tuesday) 12. Vasupoojayar Kandhari

புதன் - கணக்கன்,புலவன்,அறிவன் (Mercury- (Wednesday) 19. Mallinathar AparaJitha

குரு)-சீலன், பொன்னன்,வியாழன் (Jupiter - (Thursday)சுக்கிரன்)–சுங்கன் Sindhayani 24. Varthamanar

கங்கன்,வெள்ளி 9. Pushathatar (Venus - (Friday) Mahakalai

சனி) - காரி, முதுமகன் 20. Munisevarthar(nathar Saturn - (Saturday) Bhakurupini

ராகு (Raghu) – கருநாகன் 22. Neminathar Dharmadevi

கேது (Kethu) –செந்நாகன் 23. Parawanathar Padmavath Yashi

1. Bharathachakaravarthy 1st the eldest son of Rishabhanatha

Sagara chakaravarthy 2nd the Brother of Lord Ajithnathar

3. Mathava 15 thithar period Dharmanathar

4. Santhkumarar

5. Santhinathar 16 chakaravarthy

6. Kundunathar 17. chakaravarthy

7. Aranathar 18. tirthankar

8. Shubhaumar 18 tirth period

9. Padmar 19 tirtha period

10. Harishanar 21 tirth period

11. Jayasenar 21

12. Bhiramathathar 22 tirtha period

12- chakaravarthy attain salvation

Cultural sites in India inscribed in UNESCO World Heritage list Agra Fort (1983) Ajanta Caves (1983)

Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara at Nalanda, Bihar (2016) Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi (1989)

Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park (2004) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (formerly Victoria Terminus) (2004)

Churches and Convents of Goa (1986) Dholavira: a Harappan City (2021)

Elephanta Caves (1987) Ellora Caves (1983)

Fatehpur Sikri (1986) Great Living Chola Temples (1987, 2004)

Group of Monuments at Hampi (1986) Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram (1984)

Group of Monuments at Pattadakal (1987) Hill Forts of Rajasthan (2013)

Historic City of Ahmadabad (2017) Humayun’s Tomb, Delhi (1993)

Jaipur City, Rajasthan (2019) Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana (2021)

Khajuraho Group of Monuments (1986) Mahabodhi Temple Complex at Bodh Gaya (2002)

Maratha Military Landscapes of India (2025) Moidams – the Mound-Burial System of the Ahom Dynasty (2024)

Mountain Railways of India (1999, 2005, 2008) Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi (1993)

Rani-ki-Vav (the Queen’s Stepwell) at Patan, Gujarat (2014) Red Fort Complex (2007)

Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka (2003) Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas (2023)

Santiniketan (2023) Sun Temple, Konârak (1984)

Taj Mahal (1983) The Architectural Work of Le Corbusier, an Outstanding Contribution to the Modern Movement 2016)

The Jantar Mantar, Jaipur (2010) Victorian Gothic and Art Deco Ensembles of Mumbai (2018)

Natural sites in India inscribed in UNESCO World Heritage list

Great Himalayan National Park Conservation Area (2014) Kaziranga National Park (1985)

Keoladeo National Park (1985) Manas Wildlife Sanctuary (1985)

Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers National Parks (1988, 2005)

Sundarbans National Park (1987) Western Ghats (2012) Mixed sites in India inscribed in UNESCO World Heritage list

Khangchendzonga National Park (2016) (Also read: National parks in India – full list)

1 Lord Rishabha (Adinath) Heaven: Sarvarthasiddha Birth place: Vinittanagari -Ayothi Consecration place: Palitana Parents: Nabhiraja, Marudevi

Complexion: golden Symbol: bull or ox Height: 1,500 Meters Age: 592.704 Quintillion Years

Tree: Vata (banyan) Attendant spirits: Gomukha and Chakresvari Male disciple:Pundarika Female disciple: Brahmi Place of Nirvan: Ashtapad (Kailasha) age Life 84 lac purvam Kumara Kalam 20lacs purvam Raja kalam 63 Lac purvam

Birth place: Vinittanagari

Consecration place: Palitana Complexion: golden

Symbol: bull or ox

Height: 1,500 Meters

First Tirthankara in the Third Spoke of Time When the duration of the third spoke had to last only for 84 lac Porvas, three years and eight and-a-half months, the chief queen of the last patriarch Maharaja Nabhi raja gave birth to Lord äîabha. When Vçiabhadeva became young, his father got him married with two beautiful girls named YaíasvatÍ and Sunanda with the permission of the Lord of deities (Indra).

Lord Risabhadeva had one hundred & one sons named Bharata and Bahubali etc.

and two daughters named ‘BrahmÍ’ and ‘Sundara’. The Lord taught the alphabetical scripts like ‘A, À’ etc. to BrahmÍi and mathematics of units, tens etc. to Sundari. Afterwards, he made all of his sons skilled in all kinds of learnings, sacred texts and science of arms etc. Lord äîabhadeva became known as Lord PrajÂpati (Protector of people) because he instructed the people to earn livelihood by six-fold professions like warriorship, writing work and agriculture etc. The Lord established a similar system of work in his times as was there in Videha region. He established three groups of people named as (1) Kîatriyas (Warriors) , (2) Vaiíyas (Businessmen) and (3) êödras (Labourers, Menials) . He also started the system of marriage etc. He instructed about the royal or political system to four persons like Akampana and others and appointed them on the position of Maharaja Great king). It is due to all this that he was called by the name of

Adi-Brahma (The first Creator), Yugadi-puruia (the first Creator of the era),Vidhata(God) and so on.

Birth place: Vinittanagari Consecration place: Palitana

Place of Nirvan: Ashtapad (Kailasha)

ShriAyodhyaTirth

Mount Kailash is located in Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It lies in the Gangdise Shan (also called as Kailash Range) of the Transhimalaya, in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau.The peak of Mount Kailash is at an elevation of 6,638 m (21,778 ft).The region is located north of the western tripoint of the border between China, India and Nepal.

The major rivers rising from the western Gangdise Mountains are the Yarlung Tsangpo (which becomes the Brahmaputra), the Indus, the Sutlej and the Ghaghara, a tributary of the Ganges.All these river systems originate within a 60 km (37 mi) stretch in the region.

Mount Kailash is located on the banks of Manasarovar and Rakshastal lakes. Spread over an area of 320 km2 (120 sq mi), Manasarovar is the highest freshwater lake in the world.

Almost all mountains in the list are located in the Himalaya and Karakoram ranges to the south and west of the Tibetan plateau. All peaks 7,000 m (22,966 ft) or higher are located in East, Central or South Asia in a rectangle edged by Noshaq (7,492 m or 24,580 ft) on the Afghanistan–Pakistan border in the west, Jengish Chokusu (Tuōmù'ěr Fēng, 7,439 m or 24,406 ft) on the Kyrgyzstan–Xinjiang border to the north, Gongga Shan (Minya Konka, 7,556 m or 24,790 ft) in Sichuan to the east, and Kabru (7,412 m or 24,318 ft) on the Sikkim–Nepal border to the south.

As of November 2025, the highest peaks on four of the mountains—Gangkhar Puensum, Labuche Kang III, Tongshanjiabu and Apsarasas Kangri[b], all located in India, Bhutan or China—have not been ascended. The most recent peak to have its first ever ascent is Karjiang, in China, on 13 August 2024.

The highest mountain outside of Asia is Aconcagua (6,961 m or 22,838 ft), the 189th highest in the world.

Pataliputra, dates back to 3rd century BCE In museums Lohanipur torso found in a central Division of Patna, ancient Pataliputra, dates back to 3rd century BCE. Some of the oldest Jain sculptures excaved at Kankali Tila are in the Government Museum, Mathura.Many Jain sculptures are kept in Government Museum, Chennai.

The oldest Jain sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York is of the Siddha Bahubali.

Ayodhya is a famous tirthkshetra in Eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is located on Delhi-Luknow-Mughalsarai rail route. It is about 6 kilometers away from Faizabad and 139 kilometers away from Lucknow.

There are very ancient temples belonging to different society and culture. For Jains the importance of this place is due to that Bhagwan Adinathji adopted diksa at this place. After diksa, many times he came wandering here and his samavasranas were set here. This holy land is

the birthplace of Bhahubali, Brahmi, Sundari, King Dashrath, AcharyaPadaliptasurisvarji, King Harishchandra, ShriRamchandra, Achalbhrata, and the ninth Gandhara of Mahavir Swami and others.

There are four temples, two Svetambar’s and two Digambar’s temples. During 1965 an idol of Bhagawan Rishabhdev 885 centimeters or 31 feet high in Kayotsarga posture in RaiganjDigambar temple a really speculator was installed (Figure 2). There are Tonks of Bhagwananantnath Swami BhagwanAbhinandanNath, Bhagwansheetalnath,

BhagwanAjitnath and BhagwanAdinath at Ayodhya. During a digging project undertaken twenty-five years age, broken idols of Jains were found and it is considered that these pertain to the Maurya period

Lord Rishabhadev or Lord Ädinäth, was known as King Rishabh and had two wives, Sumangalä and Sunandä. By Sumangalä, he had 99 sons, of whom Bharat was the eldest and the best known, and one daughter named Brähmi. By the second wife, Sunandä, he had one son named Bähubali and a daughter named Sundari. All of them were given proper training in different arts and crafts. Bharat became a great warrior and a politician. Sunandä's son was tall, well built, and strong, and hence was called Bähubali. In Sanskrit, “Bähu” means arm and “Bali” means mighty. Brähmi attained a very high level of literary proficiency. She developed the first known script, known as the Brähmi script. Sundari was very proficient in mathematics. After Lord Rishabhadev attained omniscience, both girls renounced their worldly lives and became his disciples. As a King, Rishabhadev had the responsibility of a large kingdom. At the time of his renunciation, he handed over the city of Vinitä, also known as Ayodhyä, to Bharat, and the city of Taxshilä (Pottanpur according to Digambar scriptures) to Bähubali. He gave different parts of his vast kingdom to his remaining 98 sons.

According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a professor of comparative religions and philosophy at Oxford who later became the second President of India, there is evidence to show that Rishabhdeva was being worshipped by the before . The Yajurveda[a] mentions the names of three Tirthankaras – Rishabha, Ajitanatha and Arishtanemi, states Radhakrishnan, and

"the Bhāgavata Purāṇa endorses the view that Rishabha was the founder of Jainism

According to Jain scriptures, Rishabha deva, the first Tirthankar of Jainism attained moksha (liberation) on Mount Kailash. It is believed by Jains that after Rishabha deva attained moksha,

his son emperor Bharata Chakravartin had constructed three stupas and twentyfour shrines of the 24 tirthankaras in the region with their idols studded with precious stones and named it Sinhnishdha.

He also performed a fortnight of worship termed Maha maga and attained moksha from Kailash.

Large pits were dug around the mountain later and the River Ganges was made to flow through it.The 24th and the last Tirthankara, Mahavira, was taken to the summit of Meru by Indra shortly after his birth, after putting his mother into deep slumber. There he was anointed with precious unctions.Pilgrimage

24 Tirthankars The land where Tirthankar Lord is born becomes auspicious pilgrimage centre for all times to come. Ayodhya is the eternal birthplace of Tirthankars, however at present there are

UP 18. Birthplaces of 24 Tirthankars as follows

AYODHYA - 5 TIRTHANKARAS (5 km from Faziabad 160 Km frm Allahabad)

1. LORD RISHABHDEV, 2. LORD AJITNATH, 4. LORD ABHINANDANNATH, 5.LORD SUMATINATH,14. LORD ANANTNATH

HASTINAPURI 3 TIRTHANKARAS , 16. LORD SHANTINATH, 17. LORD KUNTHUNATH, 18.LORD ARANATH

(37 km from merut 60 km from Delhi)

SHRAVASTI - 3. LORD SAMBHAVNATH (109 km from Ayodya)

KAUSHAMBI - 13. LORD PADMAPRABHU (60 km from Allahabad)

VARANASI - 7. LORD SUPARSHVANATH, Varnasi-kasi

23. LORD PARSHVANATH(765 km from Delhi)

CHANDRAPURI – 8. LORD CHANDRAPRABHU(25 km from Varnasi)

KAKANDI - 9. LORD PUSHPADANTNATH(kukundh 14 km frm Devaria)

SIMHAPURI (VARANASI) -11. LORD SHREYANSNATH (8km from north of varnasi)

KAMPILPURI – 13, LORD VIMALNATH (8 km from Kayan Gani station)

RATNAPURI – 15. LORD DHARMANATHA (24km from Barbanki )

SHAURIPURa- 22. LORD NEMINATH ( 2KM FROM Bateswar)

The history of Uttar Pradesh, a state in India, stretches back several millennia. The region shows the presence of human habitation dating back to between 85,000 and 73,000 years ago. Additionally, the region seems to have been domesticated as early as 6,000 BC.The early modern period in the region started in 1526 after Babur invaded the Delhi Sultanate, and established the Mughal Empire covering large parts of modern Uttar Pradesh. The remnants of the Mughal Empire include their monuments, most notably Fatehpur Sikri, Allahabad Fort, Agra Fort. The region was the site of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, with revolts at, Jhansi, Meerut, Kanpur, and Lucknow. The region was also a site for the Indian Independence movement with the Indian National Congress. After independence in 1947, the United Provinces were renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950.In 2000, the state of Uttarakhand was carved out from Uttar Pradesh Prehistory Archeological finds have indicated the presence of Stone Age Homo sapiens hunter-gatherers in Uttar Pradesh between around 85 and 73 thousand years old. Other pre-historical finds have included Middle and Upper Paleolithic artifacts dated to 21–31 thousand years old[5] and Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, from around 10550–9550 BC. Villages with domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC, and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 2000 BC beginning with the Indus Valley civilization and Harappa culture to the Vedic period; extending into the Iron Age.

The ASI is divided into a total of 34 circles[17] each headed by a Superintending Archaeologist.[16] Each of the circles are further divided into sub-circles.

The circles of the ASI are:

Agra, Uttar Pradesh

Aizawl, Mizoram

Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh

Aurangabad, Maharashtra

Bengaluru, Karnataka

Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

Bhubaneswar, Odisha

Chandigarh

Chennai, Tamil Nadu

Dehradun, Uttarakhand

Delhi

Dharwad, Karnataka

Goa

Guwahati, Assam

Hyderabad, Telangana

Jaipur, Rajasthan

Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh

Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh

Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Kolkata, West Bengal

Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

Meerut, Uttar Pradesh

Mumbai, Maharashtra

Nagpur, Maharashtra

Patna, Bihar

Raipur, Chhattisgarh

Raiganj, West Bengal

Rajkot, Gujarat

Ranchi, Jharkhand

Sarnath, Uttar Pradesh

Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir

Thrissur, Kerala

Vadodara, Gujarat

The ASI also administers three "mini-circles" at Delhi, Leh and Hampi.[1

These birthplaces are the origin centres of Jain culture, so one should always remain conscious for their proection and development

Bihar16. KUNDALPUR (NALANDA) -

24. LORD MAHAVIR( 13 km fromRajagrika is from Nalanda 3 km ) Vaisali

RAJGRIHI – 20. LORD MUNISUVRATNATH(Rajgiri 38 kms from Pavapuri 100 km from Pattna)

CHAMPAPURI – Mandara giri 12. LORD VASUPUJYA ( it is located on the outskirts o f Bhahalpur)

MITHILAPURI - 19. LORD MALLINATH, 21. LORD NAMINATH

BHADRIKAPURI (BHADDILPUR)- 10. LORD SHEETALNATH( 65 kmfrom Gaya- Bondhal )

2 Ajitnath Heaven: Vijayavimana

Birth place: Ayodhya

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji ShriDigamber Jain TirthKshetraAyodhya

Parents: Jita['s]atru,Vijayamata

Complexion: golden

Symbol: elephant Height: 1,350 Meters

Age: 508.032 Quintillion Years Tree: ['S]ala(Shorea robusta)

Attendant spirits: Mahayaksha and Ajitabala(or Rohi[n.]i)

Male disciple: ['S]i[.m]hasena; Female disciple: Phalgu

age Life 72 lac purvam Kumara Kalam 18 lacs purvam Raja kalam 53.1 Lac purvam

Shravasti (Sanskrit: श्रावस्ती, IAST: Śrāvasti; Pali: 𑀲𑀸𑀯𑀢𑁆𑀣𑀻, romanized: Sāvatthī) is a town in Shravasti district in Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was the capital of the ancient Indian kingdom of Kosala and the place where the Buddha lived most after his enlightenment. It is near the Rapti river in the northeastern part of Uttar Pradesh India, close to the Nepalese border.

3 Sambhavanath Heaven: Uvarimagraiveka Birth place: Savathi

Consecration place: Sravasti

Parents: Jitari, Senamata

Complexion: golden Symbol: horse Height: 1,200 Meters

Age: 423.360 Quintillion Years Tree: Prayala(Buchanania latifolia)

Attendant spirits: Trimukha and Duritari(or Prajnapti)

Male disciple: Charu Female disciple: Syama

age Life 60 lac purvam Kumara Kalam 15 lacs purvam Raja kalam 44.4 Lac purvam

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar

Mount Kailash is located in Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region of China. It lies in the Gangdise Shan (also called as Kailash Range) of the Transhimalaya, in the western part of the Tibetan Plateau.The peak of Mount Kailash is at an elevation of 6,638 m (21,778 ft).The region is located north of the western tripoint of the border between China, India and Nepal.

Mount Kailash is located on the banks of Manasarovar and Rakshastal lakes. Spread over an area of 320 km2 (120 sq mi), Manasarovar is the highest freshwater lake in the world

Jain holy site. For the mountain peak, see Parasnath.Sammet Shikharji Jain Temples at Shikarji

Religion Affiliation Jainism Deity Tirthankar

Festivals Paryushana Location Giridih, Jharkhand, India

Shikharji Shikharji Location within Jharkhand

Coordinates 23°57′40″N 86°8′13.5″E

Elevation 1,365 m (4,478 ft)

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Shikharji (Śikharjī), also known as Sammet or Sammed Shikharji, is one of the holiest pilgrimage sites for Jains, in Giridih district, Jharkhand.

It is located on Parasnath hill, the highest mountain in the state of Jharkhand. It is the most important Jain Tirtha (pilgrimage site), for it is the place where twenty of the twenty-four Jain tirthankaras (supreme preachers of Dharma) along with many other monks attained Moksha.

It is one of the seven principal pilgrimage destinations along with Girnar, Pawapuri, Champapuri, Dilwara, Palitana and Ashtapad Kailash.

Shikharji means the "venerable peak". The site is also called Sammed Śikhar "peak of concentration" because it is a place where twenty of twenty-four Tirthankaras attained Moksha through meditation.[The word "Parasnath" is derived from Lord Parshvanatha twenty-third Jain Tirthankara, who was one of those who attained Moksha at the site in 772 BCE Shikarji is located in an inland part of rural east India. It lies on NH-2, the Delhi-Kolkata highway in a section called the Grand Trunk road Shikharji rises to 4,480 feet (1,370 m) making it the highest mountain in Jharkhand state

Archaeological evidences indicate the presence of Jains going back to at least 1500 BCE. The earliest literary reference to Shikharji as a tirth (place of pilgrimage) is found in the Jñātṛdhārmakātha, one of the twelve core texts of Jainism compiled in 6th century BCE by chief disciple of Mahavira. Shikharji is also mentioned in the Pārśvanāthacarita, a twelfth-century biography of Pārśva. A 13th century CE palm-leaf manuscript of Kalpa Sūtra and Kalakacaryakatha has an image of a scene of Parshavanatha's nirvana at Shikharji. Modern history records show that Shikharji Hill is regarded as the place of worship of the Jain community. Vastupala, prime minister during the reign of king Vīradhavala and Vīsaladeva of Vaghela dynasty, constructed a Jain temple housing 20 idols of Tirthankaras. The temple also housed images of his ancestors and Samavasarana. During the regime of Mughal's rule in India, Emperor Akbar in the year 1583 had passed an firman (official order) granting the management of Shikharji Hill to the Jain community under the leadership of Harivijaya Suri to prevent the slaughter of animals in the vicinity. Seth Hiranand Mukim, personal jeweller of Mughal Emperor Jahangir, lead a party from Agra to Shikharji for Jain pilgrimage. In 1670, a Jain merchant from Agra named Kumarpal Lodha financed construction of temples at the site. In 1725, the area came under the control of the Jagat Seth family of Murshidabad. In 1825, Jagat Seth Kushalchand spent a substantial amount of money in consecrating the exact sites of liberation of all 20 tirthankaras, a Jal mandir, dharamsalas & shrines to subsidiary deities at the site, under the guidance of Tapa Gaccha monk Devijayji, with divine intervention from the Jain Śāsanadevī [hi] Padmāvatī. After the Jagat Seth family died out in 1912, the area came under the local zamindar based in Palganj of Giridih. In 1918, Seth Badridas Mukeem of the influential Johari Seth Jain community of Kolkata & Bahadur Singh Dugar of Murshidabad purchased the site from the zamindar on behalf of the Anandji Kalyanji trust & renovated the structures built by the Jagat Seths. The site went further renovations in the 1980s.In 2019, the Government of Delhi included Sammed Shikharji under Mukhyamantri Tirth Yatra Yojana

4. Abhinandannath Heaven: Jayantavimana

Birth place: Ayodhya

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Sambararaja, Siddhartha

Complexion: golden Symbol: monkey

Height: 1,050 Meters

Age: 352.8 Quintillion Years Tree: Priyangu(Panicum italicum)

Attendant spirits: Nayaka and Kalika; or Yakshesvara and Vajrasrinkhala

Male disciple: Vajranabha; Female disciple: Ajita

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar

age Life 50 lac purvam Kumara Kalam 12.5 lacs purvam Raja kalam 36.5.8 Lac purvam

5 Sumatinath Heaven: Jayantavimana Birth place: Ayodhya

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Megharaja, Mangala

Complexion: golden Symbol: Curlew or red goose

Height: 900 Meters Age: 282.24 Quintillion Years Tree: Sala

Attendant spirits: Tumburu and Mahakali(or Purushadatta)

Male disciple: Charama; Female disciple: Kasyap

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar

age Life 40 lac purvam Kumara Kalam 10.5 lacs purvam Raja kalam 29. 2 Lac purvam

6 Padmaprabha Heaven: Uvarimagraiveka Birth place: Kausambi

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Sridhara, Susima

Complexion: red Symbol: lotus Height: 750 Meters

Age: 211.68 Quintillion Years Tree: Chhatra

Attendant spirits: Kusuma and Syama( Manovega or Manogupti)

Male disciple: Pradyotana;

Female disciple: Rati Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar

age Life 30 lac purvam Kumara Kalam 7.5 lacs purvam Raja kalam 21. Lac purvam

Jain Shrines of Kaushambi This shrine is located on the northern bank of the Yamuna River some 60 kilometers away from Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh. Ancient Jain scriptures reveal that there had been 16 Mahajan padas in the 6th century B.C. Vats Desh was

one such Mahajanpada whose capital was Kaushambi.With the end of the legendary Hastinapur Kingdom, which is believed to have been flooded and destroyed by the river Ganges, the Chandravanshi kings made Kaushambi their capital,

22 of their descendants are said to have ruled from here. The town, however, got its due importance with the presence of the 6thTirthankarPadmaprabhu (Figure 5), who was born here. His Kalynaka’s of chayan, births, diksa and

'The KewalGyan' took place here.There is beautiful temple dedicated to Lord BhagwanPadmaprabhuji.Apart from above many ancient idols were found during excavation, which prove the historical and religious importance of this place

7. Suparshvanath Heaven: Madhyamagraiveka Birth place: Varanasi

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji Parents: Pratish[t.]haraja, P[r.]ithvi

Complexion: golden or emerald Symbol: swastika

Height: 600 Meters Age: 141.12 Quintillion Years

Tree: Sirisha(Acacia sirisha)

Attendant spirits: Matanga and Santa(or Varanandi and Kali)

Male disciple: Vidirbha; Female disciple: Soma

age Life 30 lac purvam Kumara Kalam 7.5 lacs purvam Raja kalam 21. Lac purvam

Shri Chandrapuri Teerth This holy place is on the bank of the river Ganga near the Chandravati village. The nearest railway Kadipur is at a distance of 5 kilometers and Varanasi is at a distance of 23 kilometers. This is the birthplace of Bhagwan Chandraprabhuthe 8thTirthankar. At this holy place, four kalyanak, Chyavan, Janam, Deeksha and Kevalgyan, took place. Both

Shwetambar and Digambar temples are situated at the bank of holy river Ganga. They are adjusent to each other and managed by single trust. ShriChandraprabhBhagwan, Swetvarn idol in padmasan mudra about 45 centimeters in height is

placed in each temple (Figure 6). The pilgrim’s get enlighten in prayer to Bhagawan, and experience spiritual peace here.

Idol of Chandraprabha Bhagwan at a Jain Temple in Jaisalmer Fort, Rajasthan, India

8. Chandraprabha Heaven: Vijayanta Birth place: Chandrapura

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Mahasenaraja, Lakshmana

Complexion: white Symbol: moon

Height: 450 Meters Age: 70.56 Quintillion Years

Tree: Naga

Attendant spirits: Vijaya and Bhrikuti or (Syama or Vijaya and Jvalamalini)

Male disciple: Dinna; Female disciple: Sumana

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar age Life 10 lac purvam Kumara Kalam 2.5 lacs purvam Raja kalam 6.5 Lac purvam

9 Pushpadanta Heaven: Anatadevaloka Birth place: Kanandinagari

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Sugrivaraja, Ramarani

Complexion: white Symbol: Crocodile

Height: 300 Meters Age: 14.112 Quintillion Years Tree: Sali

Attendant spirits: Ajita and Sutaraka(or Mahakali)

Male disciple: Varahaka; Female disciple: Varuni

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar

age Life 2 lac purvam Kumara Kalam 0.5 lacs purvam Raja kalam 1 Lac purvam

10 Sheetalnath Heaven: Achyutadevaloka Birth place: Bhadrapura or Bhadilapura

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Dridharatha-raja, Nanda

Complexion: golden Symbol: Kalpavriksha or ficus religiosa

Height: 270 Meters Age: 7.056 Quintillion Years

Tree: Priyangu

Attendant spirits: Brahma and Asoka(or Manavi)

Male disciple: Nanda; Female disciple: Sujasa

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar age Life 1 lac purvam Kumara Kalam 0.5 lacs purvam Raja kalam 0.5 Lac purvam

11 Shreyansanath Heaven: Achyutadevaloka Birth place: Simhapuri;

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Vishnuraja, Vishna

Complexion: golden Symbol: rhinoceros Height: 240 Meters Age: 8,400,000 Yearsage Life 84 lac Kumara Kalam 21 lacs Raja kalam 42 Lac

Tree: Tanduka

Attendant spirits: Yakshet and Manavi(or Isvara and Gauri)

Male disciple: Kasyapa;

Female disciple: Dharan

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar

12 Vasupujya Heaven: Pranatadevaloka Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Vasupujya, Jaya

Complexion: ruddy Symbol: female buffalo

Height: 210 Meters Age: 7,200,000 Years

Tree: Patala(Bignonia suaveolens)

Attendant spirits: Kumara and Chanda(or Gandhari)

Male disciple: Subhuma; Female disciple: Dharan

Birth place: Champapuri; Place of Nirvan: Champapuri age Life 72 lac Kumara Kalam 21 lacs Raja kalam 42 Lac

13 Vimalnath Heaven: Mahasaradevaloka Birth place: Kampilyapura;

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Kritavarmaraja, Syama

Complexion: golden Symbol: pig

Height: 180 Meters Age: 6,000,000 Years Tree: Jambu(Eugenia jambolana)

Attendant spirits: Shanmukha and Vidita(or Vairo[t.]i)

Male disciple: Mandara; Female disciple: Dhara

age Life 60 lac Kumara Kalam 15 lacs Raja kalam 35 Lac

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar

ShriKampilajiTirth

The tirthkampilaji (kampilapur) village is situated 10 kilometers away from the nearest railway station kyamganj.

This comes under the district Farrukabad of Uttar Pradesh.There are literary references in Jain scriptures of temples, which

existed even before 6th century B.C. in Mathura, Kampila and other places. Temple making appears to have its start from

North India.Kampil, a small village that has been erased from the memory of the mankind, is actually a very important

place from historical and mythological point of view. Two famous pilgrimage centers of Jains religion i.e. the Shwetambar

Jains temple, dedicated to the 13th Teerthankar of the Jains &Digambar Jain temple are also situated in Kampil. The idol is

nearly 60 centimeters in height and black – colored. This marvelous idol of BhagawanVimlanath is in the Padmasana

Posture (a Digambar temple) and the other one in Swetambar temple the idol is 45 centimeters in height having white color

of BhagawanVimalnath in the Padmasana posture. It is believed that Draupadi, the daughter of Drupad, the king of

Paanchaal, was born in Kampil. The sacrificial alter (Yagyakund) from which Draupadi is believed to have been born from

the fire of knowledge, is situated in Kampil till date.

14 Anantnath Heaven: Pranatadevaloka

Birth place: Ayodhya;

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Simhasena, Suyasah or Sujasa

Complexion: golden Symbol: porcupine

Height: 150 Meters Age: 3,000,000 Years

Tree: Asoka(Jonesia asoka)

Attendant spirits: Patala and Ankusa; or

Male disciple: Anantamati Jasa ; Female disciple: Padma

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikharage Life 30 lac Kumara Kalam 7.5 lacs Raja kalam 15 Lac

15 Dharmanath Heaven: Vijayavimana Birth place: Ratnapuri;

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Bhanuraja, Suvrita

Complexion: golden Symbol: vajra

Height: 135 Meters Age: 2,500,000 Years

Tree: Dadhiparna(Clitoria ternatea)

Attendant spirits: Kinnara and Kandarpa(or Manasi)

Male disciple: Arishta; Female disciple: Arthasiva

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar age Life 10 lac Kumara Kalam 2.5 lacs Raja kalam 5 Lac

16 Shantinath Heaven: Sarvarthasiddha

Birth place: Gajapura or Hastinapuri; Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Visvasena, Achira

Complexion: golden Symbol: deer Height: 120 Meters Age: 100,000 Years

Tree: Nandi(Cedrela toona)

Attendant spirits: Garuda and Nirvani(or Kimpurusha and Mahamanasi)

Male disciple: Chakrayuddha; Female disciple: Suchi

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar age Life 1 lac Kumara Kalam 25 000yrs Raja kalam 0.5 Lac

Asthinapuram birth PLace 3 tirthankar

16சாந்திநாதர்‌,குந்துநாதர்‌18அரநாதர்‌,

17 Kunthunath Heaven: Sarvarthasiddha

Birth place: Gajapura; Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Suraraja, Srirani

Complexion: golden Symbol: goat

Height: 105 Meters Age: 95,000 Years

Tree: Bhilaka Attendant spirits: Gandharva and Bala(or Vijaya

Male disciple: Samba; Female disciple: Damini

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar age Life 1Kumara Kalam 23750 000yrs Raja kalam 47500 yrs

18 Aranath Heaven: Sarvarthasiddha Birth place: Gajapura;

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Sudarsana, Devirani

Complexion: golden Symbol: fish or Pisces

Height: 90 Meters Age: 84,000 Years Tree: Amba(Mango)

Attendant spirits: Yaksheta and Dhana(or Kendra and Ajita ;

Male disciple: Kumbha Female disciple: Rakshita

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar age Life 1Kumara Kalam 21000 000yrs Raja kalam 42500 yrs

19 Mallinath Heaven: Jayantadevaloka Birth place: Mithila;

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Kumbharaja, Prabhavati

Complexion: blue Symbol: jar or Kalasa

Height: 75 Meters Age: 55,000 Years Tree: Asoka

Attendant spirits: Kubera and Dharanapriya(or Aparajita)

Male disciple: Abhikshaka; Female disciple: Bandhumathi

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar

age Life 1Kumara Kalam 1000 000yrs Raja kalam nil yrs

20 Munisuvrata Heaven: Aparajita-devaloka Birth place: Rajagriha;

Consecration place:Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Sumitraraja, Padmavati

Complexion: black

Symbol: tortoise Height: 60 Meters

Age: 30,000 Years Tree: Champaka(Michelia champaka)

Attendant spirits: Varuna and Naradatta(or Bahurupini)

Male disciple: Malli; Female disciple: Pushpavathi

Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar age Life 1Kumara Kalam 7500 yrs Raja kalam 15000 yrs

21 Nami Natha Heaven: Pranatadevaloka Birth place: Mithila;

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Vijayaraja, Viprarani

Complexion: yellow or emerald blue

Symbol: water-lily or blue lotus Height: 45 Meters

Age: 10,000 Years Tree: Bakula(Mimusops elengi)

Attendant spirits: Bhrikuti and Gandhari(or Chamundi)

Male disciple: Subha; Female disciple: Anila Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar age Life 1Kumara Kalam 2500 yrs Raja kalam 5000 yrs

22 Neminatha Heaven: Aparajita

Birth place: Sauripura and Ujjinta (Ujjain);

Consecration place: Mount Girnar (Girnarji)

Parents: Samudravijaya, Sivadevi

Complexion: black

Symbol: conch Height: 30 Meters

Age: 1,000 Years Tree: Vetasa

Attendant spirits: Gomedha and Ambika(or Sarvahna and Kushmandini)

Male disciple: Varadatta; Female disciple: Yakshadinna

Place of Nirvan: Mount Girnar age Life 1Kumara Kalam 300 yrs Raja kalam 5yrs வணங்கினர்நேமி பட்டாரகர் 699 ஆண்டுகள் 10 மாதங்கள் 4 நாட்கள் கேவலிகாலம் முடிந்து ஊர்ஜெயந்த பர்வதம் சென்று ஆடி மாதம் சுக்லபட்சம் சப்தமி சித்திரை நட்சத்திரத்தில் அகாதி கர்மம் அழித்து சித்த வீடு சேர்ந்தார்

First Image with Lanchan–Shri Neminath Bhagwan, Vaibhar Hill,Rajgir,

8thCentury AD

Lord Neminath was the 22nd Tirthankar or Ford-Maker of Jainism the present age. Neminath, who is accepted as a historical figure was connected with Sri Krishna and was Krishna’s younger cousin.The historical date of Lord Neminath was around 3100 B.C. He is also known as Arishtanemi. He along with Lord Rishabha is mentioned in theRig Veda Samhita. Neminath was born to King Samudravijay and Queen Shivan his past life Arishtanemi was King Shankh, the eldest son of King Shrisen of Hastinapur. One day armies from all sides, smugglers, bandits, robbers, etc had covered the surroundings of Hastinapur. No body was safe from the attack of these bandits. Prince Shankh was an accomplished diplomat and strategist. King sent him to punish the bandits. He made such a plan that he won over the head of the bandit’s without any blood shed. On his way back he found a princess captured by a God of low category. He made efforts and relieved the princess. On looking at each other they felt in love and married. He was in deep love with his wife. This intensity made him feel upset sometimes and he use to think about the reason for such deep love for Yashomati. The answer he got was from a scholarly ascetic. He told him that this was their seventh birth as husband and wife and that is the reason of his and her intense love and this bond will be broken in their ninth birth where Shankh will be born as twenty second Tirthankar and Yashomati as Rajimati. And they both will choose the path of liberation.Shankh was now a king, but the feeling of detachment was there in him. He gave his throne to his son and went on the path of spiritualism. In the process of his vigorous devotion for the Arhat, Shankh earned Tirthankar-nam-and-gotra. He reincarnated as God in the Aparajit dimension. It was from here that this soul traveled all the way to the Earth to the womb of Shiva Devi wife of King Samudra Vijay of Shauripur to become twenty second Tirthankar.

King Samudra Vijay was enjoying the day with his wife and nine brothers and nine sisters. Suddenly queen felt little upset as she wanted to discuss some important matter with the King. So, she asked the king to move back to the palace as she was not feeling well. On returning back when king asked why she was not feeling well, the queen explained her desire to ask some question to the King in privacy. She said that early that morning she had seen all the fourteen dreams that are seen by a Tirthankar’s mother. She got up early and started praying and performing religious activities. And also was dying to tell the news to him.

On the fifth day of the bright half of the month of Shravan queen gave birth to a son whom they named Arishtanemi. They named him because the queen had seen a dream in which she saw a disc with Arishta gems. Also, the special mention here comes of Vasudev, younger brother of King Samudravijay. He was a charming prince. His senior queen was Rohini whose son was Balram and junior queen was Devki whose son was Vasudev ‘Shri Krishna’. Balram and Shri Krishna were the ninth Baldev and Vasudev.

Time passed by and Arishtanemi became young handsome prince. After few years the time of marriage of Arishtanemi approached. But he was completely detached person and didn't want to get married. His father went to Shri Krishna to convince Arishtanemi for marriage. Shri Krishna searched for a suitable match for Arishtanemi when one of his wife’s, Satyabhama, told him about her younger sister. Everything was finalized and marriage possession was organized. Arishtanemi was riding on a decorated elephant. Thousands of kings, prince etc were attending the marriage. While very near to the destination, Arishtanemi saw large fenced areas on the sides of the roads. Large number of wailing animals was bondage within those fences. On asking the reason of this bondage, the driver of the elephant said that these animals were to be used by the butcher, to prepare food for thousands of people who were to come in the marriage. Arishtanemi moved to his boots. He could not stand the idea of being the sole cause for the killing of thousands of innocent animals. He was filled with detachment.He asked the driver to immediately get the doors of the fences opened and release the animals and move back towards Dwarka. Rajimati was dressed in bridal dress, on hearing the news she went unconscious. When Arishtanemi was questioned about what he had done then he replied, “These animals were prisoners in the cages, we all are prisoners in the cage of Karma. Happiness lies in freedom and not in bondage. So I want to follow the path eternal bliss. So, please do not stop me.On hearing this news Rajimati also decided to become a saint and lead the rest of life as an ascetic.

After a year long charity, Arishtanemi came outside the town of Dwarka in Raivatak garden. Under an Ashoka tree he removed all his worldly possessions, with five fists full removed his hair, with thousands other people, on the sixth day of the bright half of the month of Shravan, took renunciation and became a sraman ascetic.Omniscience and Nirvana

Shraman Neminath spent fifty four days in deep spiritual practices and then went to Girnar Hill. On the fifteenth day of the dark half of the month of Ashvin, in the afternoon, under the bamboo tree Neminath attained omniscience and became twenty second Tirthankar. After that, he delivered his first divine sermon. Rajimati also came to attend the Samosaran of Lord Neminath and along with her friends she attained renunciation and got liberated in the end.Lord Neminath preached Jain doctrine for very long time and wandered in many parts of India along with thousands of ascetics as an Omniscient saint. On the eighth day of the bright half of the month of Ashadh, Tirthankar Neminath destroyed all the Karmas attached with his soul and got liberated at the top of Mount Girnar in th present state of Gujarat, India.

A number of historians accept that Arishtanemi or Neminath, the cousin of Shri Krishna, was a historical figure who greatly contributed towards vegetarianism, compassion and Ahimsa (non-violence). This is the point where Jain prehistory fuses with history. Devi at Souripur in the Harivansh clan. His birth date is the 5th day of Shravana Shukla in the Indian calendar.

The god who took ''avatar'' to cleanse the world of sin, gav ..Krishna was born at midnight of 17/18 June 3229 BCE (gregorian calendar) on Sravana Krishna Ashtami (vedic panchangam) during the end of Dwapara Yuga and lived on earth for 126 years, 8 months.

It was on February 18, 3102 BC that Krishna breathed .

Junagadh city is the headquarter of Junagadh district in Gujarat. It is three hundred and twenty seven km from Ahmedabad and is about fifty-eight Km from Sasan Gir. It is situated at the base of mount Girnar – a gigantic five-peaked mountain of volcanic origin that rises steeply to a height of 1117 m. The name Girnar is an aberration of Giri-Nagar – meaning a town on the hill. Girnar has been considered sacred and was on pilgrimage route of both the Jains and the Hindus, since before third century BC. There is also a mosque dedicated to Jaismal Shah Peer that attracts Muslim pilgrims. This small city of Junagadh is so rich in myths-legends and has such an eventful past that it almost breathes history.The temple topped hills of Girnar has special meaning and

significance for the Jains. Twenty second Teerthankar – Bhagvan Neminath spent his life on and around Girnar. Lord Neminath, who is also known as Arishtnemi, was cousin of Lord Krishna. He was on the way for his marriage, with Rajul kumari – daughter of the king of Dwarka, when he heard the piteous moans of helpless animals that were to be slaughtered for the food to be served during the marriage ceremonies. The frightful shrieks of wretched innocent animals had a touching impact on the mind of young Neminath. He decided not to marry, renounced all worldly

pleasures, became a Jain monk and came to Girnar to attain salvation.

Jain temple complexes across India feature him, and these are important pilgrimage sites in Jainism. Mount Girnar of Gujarat, for example, which is believed to have been a place where Neminatha is believed to have achieved nirvana

23 Parshva Heaven: Pranatadevaloka Birth place: Varanasi;

Consecration place: Sammet Shikharji

Parents: Asvasenaraja, Vamadevi

Complexion: blue Symbol: snake Height: 9 hands or cubits

Age: 100 Years Tree: Dhataki(Grislea tomentosa) Attendant spirits: Parsvayaksha(or Dharanendra) and Padmavati

Male disciple: Aryadinna; Female disciple: Pushpachu[d.]a Place of Nirvan: Samet Sikhar age Life 100 1Kumara Kalam 30 yrs Raja kalam yrs dated to c. 872 – c. 772 BC.According to Dundas

69 வருடம் 8 மாதம் ஸ்ரீ விகாரம் தர்ம உபதேசம் செய்தருளினார் சம்மேத பருவதம் எழுந்தருளி பிரதிமா யோகதாரியாக நின்று ஆவணி மாதம் சுக்லபட்ச சப்தமி விசாகத்தில் விடியற்காலை நித்தியானந்த மோட்ச

Parshvanatha is the earliest Jain tirthankara who is generally acknowledged as historical figure.

According to Paul Dundas, Jain texts such as section 31 of Isibhasiyam provide circumstantial evidence that he lived in ancient India. Historians such as Hermann Jacobi have accepted him as a historical figure because his Chaturyama Dharma (Four Vows) are mentioned in Buddhist texts. Despite the accepted historicity, some historical claims (such as the link between him and Mahavira, whether Mahavira renounced in the ascetic tradition of Parshvanatha and other biographical details) have led to different scholarly conclusions.In Buddhist Text Manorathapurani, Vappa, the Buddha's uncle, was a follower of Parsvanatha tradition.

Parshvanatha's biography is legendary, with Jain texts saying that he preceded Mahavira by 273 years and that he lived 100 years. Mahavira is dated to c. 599 – c. 527 BC in the Jain tradition, and Parshvanatha is dated to c. 872 – c. 772 BC.According to Dundas, historians outside the Jain tradition date Mahavira as contemporaneous with the Buddha in the 5th century BC and, based on the 273-year gap, date Parshvanatha to the 8th or 7th century BC. Doubts about Parshvanatha's historicity are supported by the oldest Jain texts, which present Mahavira with sporadic mentions of ancient ascetics and teachers without specific names (such as sections 1.4.1 and 1.6.3 of the Acaranga Sutra).The earliest layer of Jain literature on cosmology and universal history pivots around two jinas: the Adinatha (Rishabhanatha) and Mahavira. Stories of Parshvanatha and Neminatha appear in later Jain texts, with the Kalpa Sūtra the first known text. However, these texts present the tirthankaras with unusual, non-human physical dimensions; the characters lack individuality or depth, and the brief descriptions of three tirthankaras are largely modeled on Mahavira. Their bodies are celestial, like deva.

The Kalpa Sūtra is the most ancient known Jain text with the 24 tirthankaras, but it lists 20; three, including Parshvanatha, have brief descriptions compared with Mahavira.

Early archaeological finds, such as the statues and reliefs near Mathura, lack iconography such as lions or serpents (possibly because these symbols evolved later).

காசிநாட்டு வாராணசி நகரத்தின் மன்னன் விசுவசேனன் இவன் தேவிபிராமி பதினாறு கனவு கண்டு தன் கணவன் மூலம் பகவான் தன் வயிற்றில் கர்ப்பவாசம் புரிவார் என்று அறிந்து மிக்க மகிழ்வு கொண்டாள் ஆனந்த மன்னன் ஆதித்யா மண்டல பூஜையை உலகோர் அறியச்செய்து பதினாறு வகை பாவனையால் ஆன தேந்திரன் ஆனான் பின் பிராமி வயிற்றில் கர்ப்பவாசம் செய்து ஒன்பது மாதங்கள் கழித்து தை மாதம் கிருஷ்ண பட்சம் ஏகாதசி விசாக நட்சத்திரம் மூவகை ஞானத்தோடு கர்ப்பாவதாரம் செய்தருளினார் பார்ஸ்வர் கருப்பு நிறமானவர் ஒன்பது முழ உயரத்தோடு நூறு ஆண்டு ஆயுளோடு சொர்க்கலோகத்தில் உண்டான போக உப போகங்களை அனுபவித்தார் தாய் பாட்டனாகிய மகிபாலன் ஐவகை தீயிடை தீத்தவம் செய்வதை பார்ஸ்வர் அலட்சியம் செய்தார் மகிபாலன் ஒரு கட்டையை வெட்ட கோடாலி ஓங்க அக்கட்டையில் பாம்பு தம்பதிகள் இருப்பதை தன் ஞானத்தான் உணர்ந்து வெட்ட வேண்டாம் என்ற போதும் வெட்டினான். சர்ப்ப மிதுனங்கள் துண்டிக்கப்பட்டு துடிக்க அதற்குபஞ்சமந்திரம் கூற மனசமாதானத்தோடு தரனேந்திரன் பத்மாவதியாக பிறந்தது.
முப்பதாண்டு குமார காலம் அனுபவித்து ஆதிநாதர் வரலாற்றை அறிந்து தீட்சை ஏற்கும் எண்ணம் கொண்டார் விமலை என்னும் சிவிகை ஏறி அசுவ வனத்தில் படிகப்பாறை மீது தை கிருஷ்ண பட்ச ஏகாதசியில் தீட்சை என் மனப்பர்யய ஞான தாரிஆனார். தன்யன் என்ற மன்னன் இல்லத்தில் பாரனை செய்தார்.ஏழு நாட்கள் பிரதிமா யோகதாரியாக நின்று இருக்கையில் சம்பர தேவன் விமானம் தடைபட முற்பிறவியில் ஏற்பட்ட பகையால் பலவிதங்களில் தாங்கொணாகொடுமைகளைச்செய்தான். இதனை அறிந்து தரனேந்திரனும் பத்மாவதியும் ஆயிரம் பணா முடியால் திருமேனியை மறைத்து பாதுகாத்தனர்.
பெரும் துன்புறுத்தல்களுக்கு சிறிதும் தளர்வின்றி சுக்கில தியானத்தால் காதி கர்மங்களை நீக்கி கேவலோற்பத்தி அடைந்தார் சமவ சரணசிறப்புடன் 69 வருடம் 8 மாதம் ஸ்ரீ விகாரம் தர்ம உபதேசம் செய்தருளினார் சம்மேத பருவதம் எழுந்தருளி பிரதிமா யோகதாரியாக நின்று ஆவணி மாதம் சுக்லபட்ச சப்தமி விசாகத்தில் விடியற்காலை நித்தியானந்த மோட்ச சாம்ராஜ்ய நிலையை அடைந்தார் பச்சை மேனி பார்ஸ்வனைப் பரவி செந்தா மரையிட நச்சும் அன்பர் பிறவிகள் நாசம் .

24 Mahavira Heaven: Pranatadevaloka Birth place:Kundagrama or Chitrakuta;

Consecration place: Rijubalika

குண்டலாபுரத்து அரசன் சித்தார்த்தன் தேவி பிரிய காரிணி.ஜினமாதா ஆகும்
நற்பேறு பெற்று சித்திரை சுக்லபட்சம் திரையோதசியில் உத்திர நட்சத்திரத்தில்
மூவகை ஞானதாரியாக பகவான் அவதரித்து பார் கடல் அபிஷேகம் பெற்று
வர்த்தமான சாமி என்று திருப்பெயர் பெற்றார்.
விரஷப சுவாமி காலத்தில் மாரீசியாக இருந்தவனேஎண்ணிலாபிறவியெடுத்து
நந்தன் என்னும் பிறவியில் தீர்த்தங்கரநாமபுண்ணியத்தின் பலனாக
மகாவீரராக அவதரித்தார். ஜெய.. ஜெய.. ஜெய ஜெய மகாவீரா | ஜெயா
குணனே மகாவீரர் I சன்மதி ஜினவரே மகாவீரா சத்தியமே
சித்தார்த்தன் மைந்தரே மகாவீர பிரியகாருணிமைந்தரே மகாவீரா
குண்டலாபுரி வீரனே மகாவீரா ஞான ஜோதியே மகாவீரா பாம்பாக
வந்த சங்க
மனை வென்ற வீரனே மகா வீரா பிளிறிய யானையின் மதந்தனையே வெற்றி கொண்டவனே மகாவீரா
30 ஆம் வயதினிலே துறவறம் ஏற்ற மகாவீரா சாதனையின் கைகஞ்சியுண்டு,
அடிமை நீக்கிய மகாவீரா 42 ஆம் வயதினிலே நாற்கதி ஞானம் அடைந்தவரே
தேவர்கள் அமைத்த மண்டபத்தில் அறவுரை நிகழ்த்திய மகாவீரா
72 ஆம் வயதினிலே பாவபுரந்தனில் மோட்ச மடைந்த புண்ணிய சீலரே
மகாவீரா கார்த்திகை மாதம் கிருஷ்ண பட்சம் சதுர்தசி சுவாதி
நட்சத்திரம் நடு இரவில் மோட்ச லட்சுமியை மணந்தார் இன்குண
வர்த்தமானனை இந்திரப்பிரியணை நன்கலர்ந்த மலரிட நசியும்!

Parents: Siddhartharaja(Sreyansa or Yasasvin), Trisala(Vidchadinna or Priyakarini)

Complexion: yellow Symbol: lion

Height: 7 hands or cubits Age: 72 Years

Tree: teak Attendant spirits: Matanga and Siddhayika

Male disciple: Indrabhuti; Female disciple: Chandrabala

Place of Nirvan: Pava Puriage Life 72 Kumara Kalam 30 yrs Raja kalam yrs birth bc 599- 527 72 ஆம் வயதினிலே பாவபுரந்தனில் மோட்ச மடைந்த புண்ணிய சீலரே மகாவீரா கார்த்திகை மாதம் கிருஷ்ண பட்சம் சதுர்தசி சுவாதி

நட்சத்திரம் நடு இரவில் மோட்ச லட்சுமியை மணந்தார்

हिन्दी: विदेह कुण्डपुर, वैशाली, बिहार से प्राप्त सील। सील में ब्राह्मी लिपि में अंकित है कि: कुण्डपुर
नगर वैशाली में था और राजकुमार वर्धमान (महावीर) न्याय के उपरांत इस सील का प्रयोग करते थे।English: Copy of the seal excavated from Kundpur, Vaishali. The Brahmi letters on the seal means: Kundpur was in Vaishali. Prince Vardhaman (Mahavira) used this seal after the Judgement.

The Archaeological Site of Nalanda Mahavihara is located in the North-eastern state of Bihar, India.

Spread over an area of 23 hectares the Archaeological site of Nalanda Mahavihara presents remains dating from circa.

3rd Cen BCE with one of the earliest, the largest of its time and longest serving monastic cum scholastic establishment in Indian Subcontinent from 5th Cen CE - 13th Cen CE before the sack and abandonment of Nalanda in the 13th Century. It includes stupas, chaityas, viharas, shrines, many votive structures and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. The layout of the buildings testifies to the change from grouping around the stupa-chaitya to a formal linear alignment flanking an axis from south to north. The historic development of the property testifies to the development of Buddhism into a religion and the flourishing of monastic and educational traditions.

The founder of Jainism was Lord Rishabha in this cycle of period who existed in the hoary past before innumerable years. He is regarded as an incarnation of "Mahavishnu" according to srimad Bhagvata and first God "Adi Bhagavan" according to Thirukkural.

Many references are apparent in Rigveda-Shivpuran Nagapuran and Brahmandpuran etc. Hence in real

sense Lord Rishabha was the Originator of Human Culture and Organiser of Human Society. In this treatise which deals with the biographical sketch of Lord Mahavira the learned writer Mr. Jeevabhandu Sripal has explained everything elaborately about the origin of Jaina philosophy, so that the misapprehension which is prevalent regarding Lord Mahavira as 'Founder of Jainism' and constantly referred to as such in many Text Books of History and Social Studies may be rectified and set right. This wrong notion is due entirely to the superficial study and hurried judgement of some foreign Scholars. Hence perusal oif this booklet will be of great value and interest to one and all.

It is indeed a great pleasure that this Treatise has been published by Sri Jinduttsuri Jain Mandal during Bhagwan Mahaveera's Twentyfifth Centenary Celebrations. I hope that many more useful volumes will be published during this celebration. Dharmanuragi "RISHABH